Charlie Chaplin Collectors’ Guide, Part 5
Essanay and Mutual 1980s–2000s Restorations
- For many years the Little Tramp’s mid-1910s films were inaccessible and languished in poor condition
- Film preservationist David Shepard fully restored them for the first time in the 1980s
- They continued to be reworked and improved over the next two decades
- This has resulted in many unique and interesting versions for collectors
If you’ve landed directly on this page, I strongly recommend you start from the Part 1 introduction.
The Adventurer (1917) US poster
Contents
- Essanay and Mutual 1995 restorations
- Police (1916) – 1992 Puzzle restoration
- Mutual 2006 restorations
- Essanays and Mutuals in print
- Related articles
Essanay and Mutual 1995 restorations
The culmination of work he began in the 1970s, David Shepard’s restored Essanays made their digital début via his two-volume Chaplin Lost and Found: Essanay LaserDiscs (1988). The following year, to commemorate Chaplin’s centenary, he performed additional work on the Mutuals and commissioned custom ‘orchestral’ synthesizer scores by Michael Mortilla. The fruits of their labours were released as a LaserDisc box set, The Chaplin Mutuals (1991).
In 1995 Shepard remastered and extensively overhauled both sets of films; these new Mutuals were initially issued in the US by Image on LaserDisc (1995) and later alongside the revamped Essanays on region 0/NTSC DVD. The Essanays were supplied with either a piano score by Eric James (1913–2006) or orchestral score by Robert Israel, while Michael Mortilla expanded on and re-recorded his previous scores for the Mutuals. All the Image DVDs were then collected into a 7-disc box set, Short Comedy Classics: The Complete Restored Essanay & Mutual Collection. The seventh disc features a great documentary, Chaplin’s Goliath: In Search of Scotland’s Forgotten Star (1996, 52min). It focuses on the too-short life of Eric Campbell (1880–1917), who played opposite Chaplin as the heavy throughout his Mutual period.
Shepard chose to sequence the Mutuals with Mortilla’s re-recorded scores, as three continuous, non-chronological programmes titled the Charlie Chaplin Festival, Carnival and Cavalcade respectively, as per their 1938 Van Bueren reissues. These are the versions issued in all other countries except for the UK. There, Shepard’s restorations had some missing snippets added by film historian Kevin Brownlow from BFI Archive materials, then were given new orchestral scores by Carl Davis. The BFI DVDs present the films separately and in chronological order, though due to a mix-up the first six are on Volume 2 and the second six on Volume 1! Check out these comparative screenshots.
1915–1917 Essanay and Mutual Comedies Collection French Arte Éditions DVD box set
These are all known DVDs featuring the first round of restorations:
- US: Image (region 0/NTSC) 6 separate volumes: Essanays 1, 2, 3 (1999); Mutuals 1, 2, 3 (1997), also in a 7-DVD box set (2003)
- UK: BFI 4 separate DVDs: Essanays Vol 1 and Vol 2 (2003); Mutuals Vol 1 and Vol 2 with Carl Davis scores (2003/2005)
- Germany: Icestorm/EuroArts 6 separate volumes: Essanays 1–3 and Mutuals 4–6 (2003), also in a 6-DVD box set (Absolut Medien/Arte Vidéo, 2006)
- France: Arte Vidéo 6 separate volumes: Essanays 1–3 and Mutuals 4–6 (2000), also in a 6-DVD box set (2003)
- Spain: Divisa 4-DVD box set (2007, reissued 2013)
- Benelux: Living Colour 6-DVD box set (2007)
The US sets are faultless and though lacking in extras have the overall best audio and video, and will play anywhere. Meanwhile, all the European DVDs mark a rare lapse in quality for their usually assiduous labels, being somewhat compromised with unconverted NTSC-PAL transfers. The UK Essanay DVDs are further compromised by having their stereo soundtracks folded down to mono, but all four UK volumes do have some extras, albeit fairly minor. The French, German and and Dutch discs are identical, with French and German subtitles, as well as English for their bonus 39-minute French Chaplin documentary. They round out the extras by adding an associated short on each disc. All the mainland Euro box sets are pretty equal but long deleted and expensive, bar the French issue, which is still cheap almost everywhere, making it the best choice. That is unless you crave the BFI Mutuals’ Carl Davis scores, which though here are uniquely in both 2.0 stereo and 5.1 surround, can be had in 2.0 stereo on other more recently restored releases anyway – like those below and in Part 6.
Of the main Western European countries, Italy is conspicuous by its absence in the above line-up. That’s because our old friends Ermitage pirated these versions, with forced Italian subs and ersatz replacement scores, killing the demand for legit releases there. Well done.
German DVD set. This is a 6-disc fold-out Digipak enclosed in a slipcase; the identical French set above was also issued in very similar packaging, as was the Dutch set.
Some of these versions have also appeared elsewhere:
- A 9-minute chunk of The Champion (1915) is on Criterion’s 2013 BD and DVD of City Lights (1931), foreshadowing as it did the latter film’s famed boxing scene – encoded in 1080i HD on BD
- A Burlesque on Carmen (1915) is an extra on a DVD featuring the film it spoofed, Carmen (1915), and The Cheat (1915) (Image 2001, Flicker Alley reissue 2015).
- The Rink (1916) is in the Slapstick Encyclopedia 5-DVD box set (Image 2002, reissued 2012) – also includes unique Chaplin Keystones, as noted previously
- Easy Street (1917), with the same transfer but some new and rearranged intertitles, and a new score by the Alloy Orchestra, is featured on the Slapstick Masters DVD (Image 2003, reissued 2012)
- Two of the Essanays and six Mutuals are extras on the French iterations of David Shepard’s Association Chaplin-sanctioned DVDs (GCTHV 2000/Opening 2001)
Police (1916) – 1992 Puzzle restoration
US trade magazine advert
There’s just one other restored Essanay worthy of special mention: producer/director Don McGlynn’s unique but controversial reconstruction of Police (1916, 35min), included as part of The Chaplin Puzzle documentary (Denmark 1992). Some think it erroneously includes footage meant for Chaplin’s abandoned first feature, Life. This disputedly includes the orphaned flophouse sequence from contemporary cut ‘n’ paste cash-in, Triple Trouble. David Shepard was given an executive producer credit, under protest, as he supplied the materials. DS: “It would be my guess that as he so often did, CC developed the sequence in TT (perhaps for Life), shelved it, revised it, and started over again in the same sets for Police.” However, many Chaplin fans and scholars swear by McGlynn’s Puzzle and Police, and believe they get closer to Chaplin’s original intent for the film than any other version.
Both short and documentary are only available on a bonus disc in the now largely redundant 6-DVD box set, Charlie Chaplin: 57 Classics (2004), and as a single Czech DVD (2009). Also, they share a lovely – and definitely uncontroversial – score by Søren Hyldgaard which is available on CD.
Mutual 2006 restorations
David Shepard eventually carried out even further restoration, building on Kevin Brownlow’s improvements to his 1995 versions. The results were released in the US as a 4-DVD box set, The Chaplin Mutual Comedies: 90th Anniversary Edition (Image 2006). Packaged as two keep cases inside a cardboard slipcase, it features the previous Carl Davis orchestral scores and two substantial booklets. Discs 3 and 4 contain two documentaries: The Gentleman Tramp (1975) and the aforementioned Chaplin’s Goliath. Note this set was later reissued in a single case, minus the slipcase and booklets, so be careful which version you buy. Shepard goes into detail about all his work on the Mutuals to date in this 2006 interview.
The Chaplin Mutual Comedies: 90th Anniversary Edition (Image) US DVD set
Two of these versions have also been released elsewhere, including on BD, encoded in 1080i HD:
- The Rink (1916) is on Criterion’s 2010 BD and DVD of Modern Times (1936).
- The Immigrant (1917) is on Criterion’s Au revoir les enfants (1987) BD. It’s also included on the fourth extras disc in their 3 Films by Louis Malle DVD box set and the German Concorde DVD, titled Auf Wiedersehen, Kinder.
Essanays and Mutuals in print
As previously stated, many Chaplin film books published prior to the great restorations of the last decade or two are badly outdated. Though to a slightly lesser degree, this fate does sadly befall Ted Okuda and David Maska’s otherwise still-excellent CC at Keystone and Essanay: Dawn of the Tramp (2005). Any chance of an update, guys? A brilliant, evocative first-person account of life behind the scenes at the Chaplin studio is rendered in CC’s Red Letter Days: At Work with the Comic Genius (2017, Kindle). It’s edited by film historian David James and annotated by leading Chaplin expert, renowned veteran stage performer and magician Dan Kamin. Between them, they authoritatively fill in the background behind Chaplin stock company actor Fred Goodwins’ lengthy and detailed account, completely forgotten since its original 1916 publication in the British Red Letter magazine. The book also includes three further Red Letter articles detailing Chaplin’s February 1916 trip to sign his record breaking Mutual contract…
As for those, if you wish to know more about the most important set of comedy shorts ever made, look no further than the superlative Chaplin’s Vintage Year: The History of the Mutual-Chaplin Specials (2014, Kindle and unabridged CD) by Michael J. Hayde, and Chaplin at Mutual: A Centenary Celebration (2017) by Brian J. Robb.
The Vagabond (1916) US Mutual trade ad
Grateful thanks to David Shepard (1940–2017) for his help with this article. And a life well-lived, in pursuit of preserving our past and spreading love, joy and laughter.
Related articles
- Charlie Chaplin Collectors’ Guide: A Film Primer
- Charlie Chaplin Collectors’ Guide: Tillie’s Punctured Romance (1914)
- Charlie Chaplin Collectors’ Guide: A Burlesque on Carmen (1915)
- Charting Charlie Chaplin on Criterion Blu-ray and DVD
- Charlie Chaplin’s “Daddy” Versions: Copyright or Copywrong? – coming soon; subscribe to the email list to be notified
- Charlie Chaplin Documentary Guide – coming soon
- New UK Charlie Chaplin Discs From Artificial Eye
- Artificial Eye’s New UK Chaplin Blu-rays Reviewed
I started Brenton Film because I love film – quelle surprise! The silent era, 1930s and 1940s especially get my literary juices flowing, so you’ll see a lot about those. For more, see the About page.
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